Hello coders... How are you all? Hope you are doing well. Welcome back to a new article that I am going to present to you, Javascript Variables. In this tutorial, you will learn about JavaScript variables and constants, and also how to initialize and use them with the help of examples.
Declare a Variable
In JavaScript, a variable can be declared using var
, let
, const
keywords.
var keyword is used to declare variables since JavaScript was created. It is confusing and error-prone when using variables declared using
var
.let keyword removes the confusion and error of
var
. It is the new and recommended way of declaring variables in JavaScript.const keyword is used to declare a constant variable that cannot be changed once assigned a value.
JavaScript Variables
In programming, a variable is a container (storage area) to hold data. For example,
let num = 5;
Here, num
is a variable. It's storing 5. And we declare it via let keyword.
JavaScript Initialize Variables
We use the assignment operator =
to assign a value to a variable.
let x;
x = 5;
Here, 5 is assigned to variable x.
We can also initialize variables during its declaration.
let x = 5;
let y = 6;
In JavaScript, it's possible to declare variables in a single statement.
let x = 5, y = 6, z = 7;
The multiline variant is a bit longer, but easier to read.
let user = 'John';
let age = 25;
let message = 'Hello';
Some people also define multiple variables in this multiline style:
let user = 'John',
age = 25,
message = 'Hello';
…Or even in the “comma-first” style:
let user = 'John'
, age = 25
, message = 'Hello';
Technically, all these variants do the same thing. So, it's upon us how we use it.
Variable naming
There are two limitations on variable names in JavaScript:
The name must contain only letters, digits, or the symbols
$
and_
.The first character must not be a digit.
Examples of valid names:
let userName;
let test123;
When the name contains multiple words, camelCase is commonly used. That is: words go one after another, each word except first starting with a capital letter: myVeryLongName
.
What’s interesting – the dollar sign '$'
and the underscore '_'
can also be used in names. They are regular symbols, just like letters, without any special meaning.
These names are valid:
let $ = 1; // declared a variable with the name "$"
let _ = 2; // and now a variable with the name "_"
alert($ + _); // 3
Examples of incorrect variable names:
let 1a; // cannot start with a digit
let my-name; // hyphens '-' aren't allowed in the name
Case matters
Variables named apple
and APPLE
are two different variables.
var
instead of let
In older scripts, you may also find another keyword: var
instead of let
:
var message = 'Hello';
The var
keyword is almost the same as let
. It also declares a variable, but in a slightly different, “old-school” way.
There are subtle differences between let
and var
, but they do not matter for us yet. We’ll cover them in detail in the chapter The old "var".
JavaScript var Vs let
Both var
and let
are used to declare variables. However, there are some differences between them.
var | let |
var is used in the older versions of JavaScript | let is the new way of declaring variables starting ES6 (ES2015). |
var is function scoped | let is block scoped (will be discussed in later tutorials). |
For example, var x; | For example, let y; |
Note: It is recommended we use let
instead of var
. However, there are a few browsers that do not support let
.
JavaScript Constants
The const
keyword was also introduced in the ES6(ES2015) version to create constants. For example,
const x = 5;
Once a constant is initialized, we cannot change its value.
const x = 5;
x = 10; // Error! constant cannot be changed.
console.log(x)
Simply, a constant is a type of variable whose value cannot be changed.
Also, you cannot declare a constant without initializing it. For example,
const x; // Error! Missing initializer in const declaration.
x = 5;
console.log(x)
What we learn till now?
We can declare variables to store data by using the var
, let
, or const
keywords.
let
– is a modern variable declaration.var
– is an old-school variable declaration. Normally we don’t use it at all, but we’ll cover subtle differences fromlet
in the chapter The old "var", just in case we need them.const
– is likelet
, but the value of the variable can’t be changed.
Variables should be named in a way that allows us to easily understand what’s inside them.
Thanks for reading...